The Influence of Nollywood Movies on Misinformation about HIV among In-School Adolescents in Southwest Nigeria: A Quantitative Study
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Ayodele John Alonge, PhD
Department of Library, Archival and Information Studies,
University of Ibadan
Adeyinka Adefolarin, PhD
College of Medicine, University of Ibadan
Airen Adetimirin, PhD
Department of Library, Archival and Information Studies,
University of Ibadan
Abstract:
HIV remains a significant public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. Recent trends indicate an increasing number of young people contracting the virus, potentially due to misconceptions surrounding HIV. Accurate information plays a crucial role in understanding the risks associated with HIV, while misinformation can lead to risky behavior. Among the various channels through which young people receive HIV information, movies and television programs hold significant influence. This study aims to investigate the influence of Nollywood movies on misinformation about HIV among in-school adolescents in selected secondary schools in southwest Nigeria. The research involved 644 students from six senior secondary schools in Lagos, Oyo, and Osun States. Data was collected using a 30-item questionnaire, which was pretested with a reliability coefficient of r = 0.924. Data analysis included frequency counts, means, standard deviations, and a test of norms to address the research questions, while multiple regression analysis was employed to test the hypothesis. The findings revealed that students had a high level of exposure to movies (mean = 3.1) and perceived that Nollywood movies portray and glorify unsafe sexual behavior (mean = 3.16) and convey inaccurate information about HIV (mean = 2.86). A correlation was observed between students' movie exposure and the portrayal and glorification of unsafe sexual behavior in Nollywood movies, impacting the misinformation about HIV among senior secondary school students in the selected schools in Lagos, Ogun, and Osun States (F = 245.049, df = 2; 6.39; p < 0.05). Based on the findings, it is recommended that parents and guardians intensify efforts to monitor and censor their wards' movie-watching activities, while government agencies should regulate the release of films to minors, considering their content.
Keywords: Nollywood movies, misinformation, HIV, in-school adolescents, southwest Nigeria, quantitative study.
Introduction
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a serious public health concern among the youth population in Africa. Globally, the disease is recognised as the sixth leading cause of death among people aged 10-24, and the second leading cause of death among people aged 20-24 (Sadzaglishvili, 2018). In Nigeria, the country with the second largest burden of the HIV worldwide, an estimated 3.2 million individuals live with HIV, and with a 2.9% prevalence among youths aged 15-24 (World Bank Group, 2018). Nigeria has the highest number of youths infected with HIV among countries in West and Central Africa.
Between 2005 and 2013, Nigeria witnessed significant decrease (35%) in new HIV infections (UNAID, 2016). However, statistics between 2014 and 2017 did not reflect similar reduction in the number of newly infected people. In 2017 alone, there were some 210,000 newly infected people, while the number of AIDS-related deaths was about 150,000 in Nigeria (WHO, 2017); the youths constitute a significant portion of this statistics. The category of young people with risky HIV-related behaviours, such as sex workers, gays and drug injecting persons, constitute about 3.4% of the country’s population, and also accounts for 32% of new HIV infections in 2015 (Nigeria NACA, 2015a).
Odimegwu and Somefun (2017) posited that risky sexual behaviour constitutes an important factor responsible for the continuous spread of sexual infections in Nigeria. About 80% of new HIV infections has been attributed to unprotected sex (Nigeria NACA, 2015b) – an indication of the need for improved knowledge on HIV and safe sexual behaviours. The knowledge of HIV and its prevention needs to be improved among the youths, especially the young women who have lesser awareness (NPC, 2013) and age-group with higher prevalence of HIV (Nigeria NACA, 2015b). The Nigerian youthful population, therefore, requires sustained sex education to instil safe sexual practices. They require adequate communication of information that motivate the adoption of safe sex practices and to mitigate the potential impacts of risky sexual behaviours (Dehne & Reidner, 2005).
The Nigerian movie industry, popularly referred to as Nollywood, has been one of the major communication tools for culture, history, tradition, lifestyle and trends among Nigerians and in Africa. The settings, plots and messages from Nollywood movies have significant impact on the lifestyle and behaviour of Nigerians (Ogwo, Asemah & Ottah, 2015; Apuke & Dogari, 2017), especially the youths (Nnabuko & Anatsui, 2012; Udofia & Tom, 2013; Omoera, Edemode & Aihevba, 2017).
The influence of television and movie viewing among youths has been subject of research for some time. For instance, it was established that an hour of television viewing per day increases the tendency of a youth to start drinking alcohol by 9% (Robinson, Chen & Killen, 1998; Gunasekera, Chapman, & Campbell, 2005). Similarly, Sargent et al (2005) reported that 40% of youths who tried smoking cigarette did so based on what they see in movies, and that youths with highest exposure to cigarette smoking scenes in movie are 2.6 times likely to try the act than those with low exposure.
The impact of movies in increasing awareness, enhancing understanding and fostering behavioural change (Manzo, 2017) could make them an important communication tools for HIV information. O’Hara, Gibbons, Li, Gerrard, & Sargent (2012) confirmed that exposure to sexual scenes in movies affects the age of sexual debut. In fact, Kinsler, Glik, De Castro Buffington, Malan, Nadjat-Haiem, Wainwright, & Papp-Green (2018) reported that about 80% of adolescents learn about sex from television. As Nigerian youths spend ample time with television, cinemas, and the Internet to watch Nollywood movies, the information they internalise from the movies could influence their sexual behaviour. In fact, Nwagwu (2008) noted that television is the most effective source of information on HIV to adolescent girls in Nigeria. Nevertheless, preliminary review of literature showed that HIV research in Nigeria has not explored how contents from Nollywood movies affect the campaign against risky sexual behaviours that increase the risk of spreading the virus.
Since the study is based on determining the interplay between watching Nollywood movies with sexual contents and wrong HIV information among in-school adolescent, the study relied on the social learning theory of Albert Bandura (1987). The proponent of the theory claimed that erudition that occurs within a social environment of a learner influences the learner’s ability to display and imbibe the behaviour espoused. Viewing of Nollywood movies with sexual contents is considered as an agent of agent of socialisation which could influence risky sexual behaviour among in-school adolescent and this study considered the social learning theory appropriate as its theoretical framework.
Basic awareness about HIV among youths have been reported by various studies including Oyo-Ita (2005), Akinsola, Akanbi, Laniran, & Afonja (2017) and Oginni, Adebajo and Ahonsi (2017). A Study in 2017 suggest that basic awareness about HIV among Nigerian youths has not translated into positive behavioural change in their sexual practices (Alonge, 2017). Several studies that focused on HIV awareness did not report on the comprehensive HIV-knowledge of Nigerian youths. (UNICEF, 2014; Omoyeni, Akinyemi & Fatusi, 2014; UNICEF, 2016) Such knowledge have not been emphasized in research endeavours.
Furthermore, despite the intensity of research on the movie industry, the influence of Nollywood movies on the sexual behaviour, awareness and knowledge of HIV among Nigerian youths remains a gap in literature. This public health impact obtainable from Nollywood movies to address the spate of HIV infections among Nigerian youths remains unexplored in research. Hence, the need for this study, leveraging on social learning theory, to investigate how Nollywood movies affect Nigerian youth’s HIV knowledge; perception; and sexual behaviour.
Social Learning Theory
Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura proposed one of the most influential theories of learning and development – the ‘social learning theory’ (Bandura, 2007). Bandura stated that “most human behaviour is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action” (Bandura, 1977). The incorporated social aspect of this theory is known as “observational learning (or modeling)” as people have the ability to learn by simply watching others (Social Learning Theory: Understanding Bandura's Theory of Learning, n.d.). Found within the social learning theory lies three main concepts. First, as previously mentioned is the notion that individuals have the ability to learn through observation, second- that mental states are a fundamental part of this process and thirdly, the theory alleges that when something is learned this does not always follow by a change in behaviour. As external, environmental reinforcement was not the only influence to learning and behaviour, intrinsic reinforcement was also considered to play a part in forming the learned response of an individual. As it is perceived as a form of “internal reward”, such examples include “pride, satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment” (Social Learning Theory: Understanding Bandura's Theory of Learning, n.d.). It is evident that internal thoughts and cognitions assist to connect learning theories with cognitive developmental theories. Bandura suggested that his concept surrounding the social learning theory could be considered as a “social cognitive theory” (Social Learning Theory: Understanding Bandura's Theory of Learning, n.d.). Observational learning considers that individuals are able to learn without demonstrating new behaviors. Yet it is suggested that not all observed behaviors are learned adequately. Specific factors influence the success of learning and it is the following steps that determine the observational learning and modeling process:
1. Attention:
For behaviors to be successfully learned, the individual must pay sufficient attention.
2. Retention:
Storing this information so that it may be used at a later date is crucial to the observational learning process.
3. Reproduction:
Following attention and retention comes the time to reproduce the observed behaviour. Practice of this behaviour assists with the improvement of skills.
4. Motivation:
The individual must be motivated to repeat the learned behaviour. Reinforcement and punishment influence assist to influence this step as it acts to either encourage or deter the individual from having the motivation to repeat the modeled behaviour.
Kaplan’s experiment (1972) shows a similar association to Bandura as the experiment focuses on “the effects of vicarious reinforcement and model’s behaviour on subjects’ imitation of the model’s performance and learning to give critical responses” (p. 448).
Conceptual model
The model depicts the hypothesised relationship that exist between watching Nollywood movies that convey and praise unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers and wrong HIV information among the in-school adolescent. Therefore, watching Nollywood movies with sexual contents is the independent variable while the dependent variable is wrong HIV information.
Problem Statement
In Nigeria, HIV prevalence was reported to have declined among adults (above 25 years) by 18% between 2007 and 2012. However, the prevalence among youths (aged 15 to 24) witnessed a 25% concomitant increase within the same period (Federal Ministry of Health, 2008; Federal Ministry of Health, 2013). In 2015, only 34% and 24% of male and female youths respectively were estimated to have comprehensive knowledge of HIV (UNICEF, 2014); this was further reduced to 29% and 22% respectively in 2016 (UNICEF, 2016). The situation has been confirmed in South-West Nigeria, where the youths, especially those in high schools, have high level of basic HIV information but have failed to translate such into safe sexual behaviours (Bada, 2013; Alonge, 2017). This is likely because the basic knowledge is not comprehensive enough and the medium through which such information is communicated is less cognitive. Similar situation is observed among the youths in other regions of the country (Akinsola et al, 2017; Oginni, Adebajo and Ahonsi, 2017).
Despite the increasing awareness on risky HIV-related sexual behaviours among youths in South West Nigeria as identified by the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2017), the rate of new HIV infections in the country remains high. Risky sexual behaviour among Nigerian youths has been observed as a major factor responsible for the challenge (Protogerou, Hagger & Johnson, 2017), thus the need to explore all options that can address sexual behaviours among Nigerian youths to address the increasing HIV prevalence among them.
In recent times, movie-based communication is evidenced to have impact on health, sexual and social literacy and behaviours (Odoemelam, Onumadu and Arua, 2014). The in-school youths in Nigeria spend significant “time-on-screen” watching Nollywood movies during their off-school periods. Such media contain selective contents about HIV and sexual behaviours that can be learned and cognitively reinforced. This study, therefore, intends to assess whether knowledge from Nollywood movies are sufficient enough to influence cognitive behaviour on risky sexual behaviour on HIV.
Objectives
The general objective of this study is to affirm the influence of Nollywood movies on Wrong HIV information among in-school adolescents in selected secondary schools, southwest, Nigeria. Specific objectives were to;
1. Determine the movie exposure behaviour among senior secondary school students of the selected Lagos, Ogun and Osun States secondary schools.
2. Ascertain the extent to which Nollywood movies convey and praise unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers among senior secondary school students of the selected Lagos, Ogun and Osun States secondary schools.
3. Establish the extent to which Nollywood movies convey wrong information about HIV to senior secondary school students in the selected Lagos, Ogun and Osun States secondary schools.
4. Find out the joint effect of movie exposure behaviour of students and Nollywood movies’ conveying and praising unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers on wrong HIV information of senior secondary school students in the selected Lagos, Ogun and Osun States secondary schools.
Methodology
This study’s design is survey of correlational type which adopted quantitative method of data gathering and analysis. The study population is the in-school adolescents in senior secondary schools in South Western Nigeria. Students in this category are predominantly between the ages of twelve and sixteen and are mostly adolescents. The population of the study is 2574 of all senior secondary school students in the selected secondary schools. Multi-stage sampling procedure was adopted for the study. The first stage was the clustering of the state based on their year of creation. Lagos State was created in the year 1967, Oyo, Ogun and Ondo were created in the year 1976, while Osun and Ekiti were created in the 90s, that is 1991 and 1996 respectively. Therefore, Lagos was taken to represent its cluster, Oyo State, due to its centrality in the southwest, represented the cluster of the states created in the 60s, while Osun for a unique reason of containment of cosmopolitan communities represents the states created in the 90s.
In the second state, purposive sampling was deployed to select representation of a public and private secondary school in each state with a consideration for urban, semi-urban and rural representation. Lagos state, based on its urbanisation, represents the urban population for this study, therefore, a public secondary school and a private secondary school was selected in the earth of the city, that is, Ikeja, the capital of Lagos State. In Oyo State, there are good examples of semi-urban communities and local governments. A good example is the Akinyele Local Government which by the virtue of its proximity to the premier university in Nigeria and its boundaries with several agrarian communities possesses a cross-sectional array of educated and non-educated populace represents the semi-urban population. Osun purposively selected to produce the rural population for the study simply because of its containment of commensurate rural population with the urban, therefore, a purely rural Ayedaade Local Government represents the rural population of this study and a public and private secondary school each was selected.
In the third stage, all the senior secondary school students of the selected schools stand the chance of participating in the study and as such the study population is 2574.
Table 1: Population of respondents
S/N | School | Ownership & State | Population | source |
1 | Ikeja Senior High School, Ikeja, Lagos | Public, Lagos | 1423 | |
2 | D-Ivy College, Ogba, Ikeja, Lagos | Private, Lagos | 97 | |
3 | 1. Ojoo High School, Ojoo | Public, Oyo | 477 | Personal contact with a teacher |
4 | Yinbol College, Orogun, Ibadan, Oyo State | Private, Oyo | 42 | Sheed (2019), An unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. |
5 | L. A. Commercial Grammar School, Iwo, Osun State | Public, Osun | 432 | Personal contact with a teacher |
6 | The Wings Schools | Private, Osun | 103 | Personal contact with a teacher |
| Total |
| 2574 |
|
For the sample size, 25% of the population was used for the study in order to account for adequate representation and convenience of the researcher. Therefore, the sample of the study is 644. This sampling method is a systematic random sampling, a subset of probability sampling, which gives every 4th person the chance of participating in the survey. Trochim (2005) stated that the main objective of a systematic random sampling is to select n units out of N such that each NCn has an equal chance of being selected. The calculation for the selection is presented below;
· number the units in the population from 1 to N
· decision on the n (sample size) needed
· k = N/n = the interval size
· randomly select an integer between 1 to k
· then we take every kth unit
Therefore, f = 644/2574 = 25 %. In this case, the interval size, k, is equal to N/n =100/25 = 4 and the investigators select every 4th respondents randomly. The author recommends among others that systematic random sampling can be deployed depending on the capacity of the investigator to being able to cover.
Table 2: Sample size
S/N | School | Ownership & State | Population | source |
1 | Ikeja Senior High School, Ikeja, Lagos | Public, Lagos | 356 | |
2 | D-Ivy College, Ogba, Ikeja, Lagos | Private, Lagos | 24 | |
3 | 2. Ojoo High School, Ojoo | Public, Oyo | 119 | Personal contact with a teacher |
4 | Yinbol College, Orogun, Ibadan, Oyo State | Private, Oyo | 11 | Sheed (2019), An unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. |
5 | L. A. Commercial Grammar School, Iwo, Osun State | Public, Osun | 108
| Personal contact with a teacher |
6 | The Wings Schools | Private, Osun | 26 | Personal contact with a teacher |
| Total |
| 644 |
|
The data collection instrument was a pretested questionnaire which was divided into four sections. The first section elicited questions on the demographic characteristics of the students. Demographic information that were collected will include parents’ level of education and income, household type, home access to internet, computer and television. Other demographic information included religion and religious belief about watching movies. The second section of the questionnaire elicited questions on students’ awareness of risky sexual behaviour with 10 items, the third item consisted 8 items to determine the perception of students regarding risky sexual behaviour while the fourth section of comprised of a 6 item risky sexual behaviour of students. The twenty-four items, excluding demographic information, yielded Cronbach’s Alpha 0.802. SPSS analysis software was used to analyse the data collected. Frequency counts, mean and standard deviation was used to analyse objectives 1 (test of norm was also conducted for objective 1), 2 and 3 while multiple regression analysis was used for objective 4.
Data analysis
Demographic information
Table 3: Distribution of respondents by schools
Distribution of respondents by schools | Frequency | Percent | |
Oyo State Public | 119 | 18.5 | |
Oyo State Private | 11 | 1.7 | |
Lagos State Public | 356 | 55.3 | |
Lagos State Private | 24 | 3.7 | |
Osun State Public | 108 | 16.8 | |
Osun State Private | 26 | 4.0 | |
Total | 644 | 100.0 | |
Table 3 indicates that students from the selected public schools formed the majority (Lagos = 53%, Oyo = 18.5% and Osun = 16.8%), the others were students from the selected private schools with Osun State having the highest representation.
Table 4: Respondents’ Demography
|
| GENDER |
|
|
| Male | Female |
|
|
| 266 (41.3%) | 378 (58.7%) |
|
|
|
| AGE |
|
|
| Below 10 | 10 – 13 | 14 - 16 | Above 16 |
| 9(1%) | 11(2%) | 398(69%) | 160(28%) |
|
| CLASS |
|
|
| SS1 | SS2 | SS3 |
|
| 179(28%) | 243(38%) | 222(34%) |
|
|
| GENDER |
|
|
| Male | Female |
|
|
| 266(41%) | 378(59%) |
|
|
|
| IN WHOSE CARE ARE YOU? |
| |
| Both parents | Daddy | Mummy | Relatives |
| 425(66%) | 24(4%) | 155(24%) | 40(6%) |
|
| DID YOU HAVE A BOY/GIRLFRIEND? | ||
| Yes | No |
|
|
| 354(55%) | 290(45%) |
|
|
|
| HOW MANY BOY/GIRLFRIEND YOU HAVE? | ||
| None | 1 | 2 | 3 or More |
| 295(46%) | 244(38%) | 105(16%) | 40(6%) |
|
|
|
|
|
Table 4 shows that the majority of the respondents were between the age range of 14 and 16 while the least were below age 10. The table also indicates that SS 2 students formed the majority of the respondents. Female students formed the majority of the respondents 378(58.7%) while the males were 266(41.8%). Table 2 equally shows that most respondents live with both parents. There were 55% majority of the students who stated they have a boyfriend or a girlfriend whom they have intimacy with. The table reveals that the majority of the students had boy/girlfriend(s) when the figures of those who have one boy/girlfriend (244, 38%) and those with two (105, 16%) are aggregated.
Results
Objective 1: Determine the movie exposure behaviour among senior secondary school students of the selected Lagos, Ogun and Osun States secondary schools.
Table 5: The movie exposure behaviour of the students
| Items | Strongly agreed | Agreed | disagreed | Strongly disagreed | X | Std. |
1 | It has exposed me to how to woo opposite sex for intimacy | 39(6.1%) | 116(18.0%) | 257(39.9%) | 232(36.0%) | 3.06 | .883 |
2 | Nollywood movies expose me to play sexy pranks on the opposite sex for examples touching of sensitive body parts. | 52(8.1%) | 75(11.6%) | 233(36.2%) | 284(44.1%) | 3.16 | .925 |
3 | I am exposed to using sexual enhancing drugs through Nollywood movies | 35(5.4%) | 82(12.7%) | 251(39.0%) | 276(42.9%) | 3.19 | .859 |
4 | Nollywood movies encourages me to openly talk about sex without being shy | 59(9.2%) | 114(17.7%) | 218(33.9%) | 253(39.3%) | 3.03 | .968 |
5 | Nollywood movies promotes having sex | 51(7.9%) | 147(22.8%) | 234(36.3%) | 212(32.9%) | 2.94 | .934 |
6 | Nollywood movies expose me to drinking alcoholic substances to boost my sexual strength | 26(4.0%) | 65(10.1%) | 257(39.9%) | 296(46.0%) | 3.28 | .804 |
7 | I learn how to use antipregnancy pills watching Nollywood movies | 38(5.9%) | 82(12.7%) | 233(36.2%) | 291(45.2%) | 3.21 | .880 |
8 | Nollywood movies entice me to watch music videos with adult sexual contents | 37(5.7%) | 116(18.0%) | 247(38.4%) | 244(37.9%) | 3.08 | .885 |
9 | The reason I watch adult movies now is because of the exposure through Nollywood movies | 61(9.5%) | 168(26.1%) | 203(31.5%) | 212(32.9%) | 2.88 | .978 |
10 | There is no restriction to any sexual scene, no matter how hot, when I watch Nollywood movies | 43(6.7%) | 105(16.3%) | 256(39.8%) | 240(37.3%) | 3.08 | .893 |
| Overall mean |
|
| 3.1 |
|
|
|
The movie exposure behaviour of the students is the first objective to be determined by this study. Based on the results obtained on table 5, it has shown that Nollywood movies have not exposed the in-school adolescents to negative behaviour. There were sharp disagreements to the positive statements that depicts that Nollywood movies exposes the students to negative behaviours when viewing the movies as the majority of the respondents hugely ‘disagreed’ and ‘strongly disagreed’ with puts the mean scores higher than the average mark.
Watching Nollywood movies has not exposed the students to wooing opposite sex for intimacy (
= 3.06), it has not exposed them to playing sexy pranks on opposite that involves touching sensitive body parts (
= 3.16), nor has it exposed them to using sexual enhancing drugs (
= 3.19). the majority of the respondents equally disagreed that Nollywood movies encourage them to openly talk about sex without being shy (
= 3.03), and that Nollywood movies promotes having sex (
= 2.94) though around a quarter affirmed it (30.7%, ‘agreed’ and ‘disagreed’ aggregated). There were equally the majority of the respondents who disagreed that Nollywood movies expose them to drinking alcoholic substances to boost their sexual strengths (
= 3.28), disagreed that they learnt to use antipregnancy pills watching Nollywood movies (
= 3.21), disagreed the movies entice them to watch music videos with music videos that contain adult contents (
= 3.08), disagreed that the reason they watch adult movies is due to exposure through Nollywood movies (
= 2.88), and disagreed that there is no restriction to any sexual scene, no matter how hot, when they watch Nollywood movies (
= 3.28). the implication of these results is that Nollywood movies has not exposed negative behaviour to the majority of the students.
Objective 2: Ascertain the extent to which Nollywood movies convey and praise unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers among senior secondary school students of the selected Lagos, Ogun and Osun States secondary schools.
Table 6: The extent to which Nollywood movies convey and praise unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers
| Items | Strongly agreed | Agreed | disagreed | Strongly disagreed | X | Std |
1 | Sexual acts seen in Nigerian movies are openly discussed among my parents | 46(7.1%) | 112(17.4%) | 259(40.2%) | 227(35.2%) | 3.04 | .901 |
2 | Nollywood movies expose me to some sexual practices with my school mates | 23(3.6%) | 66(10.2%) | 263(40.8%) | 292(45.3%) | 3.28 | .788 |
3 | The nudity in some characters acting in Nigerian movies influences my perfection of sex | 27(4.2%) | 65(10.1%) | 267(41.5%) | 285(44.3%) | 3.26 | .804 |
4 | Watching some Nigerian movies with friends encourages me to develop sexual feelings | 29(4.5%) | 98(15.2%) | 252(39.1%) | 265(41.1%) | 3.17 | .846 |
5 | Promote mere reality information than my parents on issues relating to opposite sex | 24(3.7%) | 87(13.5%) | 299(46.4%) | 234(36.3%) | 3.15 | .790 |
6 | The popularity of my favourite character among friends somehow justifies his/her sexual acts and increases my urge to imitate him/her against parental advice | 44(6.8%) | 117(18.2%) | 265(41.1%) | 218(33.9%) | 3.02 | .891 |
7 | Nollywood movies expose me to some sexual practices with school mates. | 26(4.0%) | 65(10.1%) | 266(41.3%) | 287(44.6%) | 3.26 | .800 |
8 | I learn how to easily give sexual assents without having to be shy or fear with knowledge gained from watching Nollywood movies | 27(4.2%) | 87(13.5%) | 270(41.9%) | 260(40.4%) | 3.18 | .821 |
9 | I fashion my dressing to attract other sex’s attention as does by actors in the Nollywood movies | 45(7.0%) | 120(18.6%) | 233(36.2%) | 246(38.2%) | 3.06 | .920 |
10 | I like to make my hairstyles like my favourite artists to attract opposite sex | 44(6.8%) | 92(14.3%) | 232(36.0%) | 276(42.9%) | 3.15 | .908 |
| Overall mean |
|
| 3.16 |
|
|
|
The objective 2 of this study was to determine the students’ perception of the extent to which Nollywood movies convey and praise unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers. Table 6 reveals, through the mean score of all the items in the questionnaire, that the majority of the respondents disagreed with all the positive statements depicting Nollywood movies convey and praise unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers. Respondents’ parent do not openly discusses sexual act seen (
= 3.04), Nollywood movies does not expose the students to sexual practices with their school mates (
= 3.28), respondents were not influenced by the nudity in some characters acting in Nigerian movies (
= 3.26), and watching some Nigerian movies with friends does not encourage the student to develop sexual feelings (
= 3.17).
Table 6 equally indicates that the majority of the respondents averred that watching Nollywood movies does not promote mere reality information than their parents on issues relating to opposite sex (
= 3.15), the popularity of their favourite character among friends does justify their sexual acts and nor does it increases their urge to imitate their favourite actors against parental advice (
= 3.02), while Nollywood movies does not expose the students to some sexual practices with school mates (
= 3.26). table equally reveals that knowledge gained from watching Nollywood movies does not influence the students to easily give assents to sexual enticement without having to be shy or fear(
= 3.18), watching Nollywood movies does not influence the students to fashion their dressing to attract other sex’s attention as does by actors in the Nollywood movies (
= 3.06), and they do not like to make their hairstyles like their favourite artists to attract opposite sex (
= 3.15). The result indicates that the respondents’ perception of Nollywood movies being an influencer of unsafe sexual behaviour is negative.
Objective 3: Establish the extent to which Nollywood movies convey wrong information about HIV to senior secondary school students in the selected Lagos, Ogun and Osun States secondary schools.
Table 7: The extent to which Nollywood movies convey wrong information about HIV to viewers
| Items | Strongly agreed | Agreed | disagreed | Strongly disagreed | X | Std |
1 | I have watched several Nollywood movies that informs me about AIDS | 163(25.3%) | 288(44.7%) | 99(15.4%) | 94(14.6%) | 2.19 | .977 |
2 | HIV/AIDS is not a big deal based on what I have seen in movies | 21(3.3%) | 110(17.1%) | 263(40.8%) | 250(38.8%) | 3.15 | .817 |
3 | Nollywood movies have made me known there is no difference between HIV and AIDS | 69(10.7%) | 221(34.3%) | 220(34.2%) | 134(20.8%) | 2.65 | .927 |
4 | People who engaged in multiple sex in movies have never contracted AIDS | 54(8.4%) | 102(15.8%) | 228(35.4%) | 260(40.4%) | 3.08 | .945 |
5 | People who have contracted HIV/AIDs in movies are treated and cured | 41(6.4%) | 144(22.4%) | 264(50.0%) | 195(30.3%) | 2.95 | .885 |
6 | HIV/AIDs can be cured with herbal medicines by native doctors as practiced in some Nollywood movies | 55(8.5%) | 136(21.1%) | 225(34.9%) | 226(35.1%) | 3.06 | 1.924 |
7 | HIV/AIDS patients are discriminated against in Nollywood movies | 88(13.7%) | 187(29.0%) | 210(32.6%) | 159(24.7%) | 2.68 | .992 |
8 | I don’t rely on condoms as a protective mechanism against HIV/AIDs because it’s not been used in movies’ sex scene | 85(13.2%) | 91(14.1%) | 225(34.9%) | 243(37.7%) | 2.97 | 1.023 |
9 | The films I have watched make me think HIV/AIDs is not real | 30(4.7%) | 93(14.4%) | 223(34.6%) | 298(46.3%) | 3.23 | .863 |
10 | I seek more information about HIV/AIDs after watching sex scenes | 112(17.4%) | 192(29.8%) | 163(25.3%) | 177(27.5%) | 2.63 | 1.064 |
| Overall mean |
|
| 2.86 |
|
|
|
The extent to which Nollywood movies convey wrong information about HIV to viewers is the third objective of this study. Items in Table 7 were worded in a positive form to indicate the respondents are wrongly informed about HIV watching Nollywood movies. However, table shows that only item one in the table which stated that “I have watched several Nollywood movies that informs me about AIDS” generated a mean score of 2.19 indicating that the majority agreed while there were disagreements to the other items.
There were the majority who disagreed that HIV/AIDS is not a big deal based on what they have seen in movies (
= 3.15), also disagreed that Nollywood movies have made them known there is no difference between HIV and AIDS (
= 2.65), disagreed that people who engaged in multiple sex in movies have never contracted AIDS (
= 3.08), and disagreed that people who have contracted HIV/AIDs in movies are treated and cured (
= 2.95). in addition, the respondents disagreed that HIV/AIDs can be cured with herbal medicines by native doctors as practiced in some Nollywood movies (
= 3.06), that HIV/AIDS patients are discriminated against in Nollywood movies (
= 2.68), and do not agree with the statement “I do rely on condoms as a protective mechanism against HIV/AIDs because it’s not been used in movies’ sex scene (
= 2.97), disagreed the films they have watched make them think HIV/AIDs is not real (
= 3.23), and equally disagreed that they seek more information about HIV/AIDs after watching sex scenes (
= 3.63). This is a clear indication that Nollywood movies has not influenced wrong information about HIV among in-school adolescents.
Objective 4: Find out the correlation joint effect of movie exposure behaviour of students and Nollywood movies’ conveying and praising unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers on wrong HIV information of senior secondary school students in the selected Lagos, Ogun and Osun States secondary schools.
Table 8: Regression Analysis of the joint effect of movie exposure behaviour of students and Nollywood movies’ conveying and praising unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers on wrong HIV information of senior secondary school students in the selected Lagos, Ogun and Osun States secondary schools.
.r | R Square | Adjusted R Square | Std. Error of the Estimate | ||
0.659 | 0.434 | 0.432 | 3.99190 | ||
SUMMARY REGRESSION ANOVA | |||||
| Sum of Squares | Df | Mean Square | F | Sig. P
0.000
|
Regression | 7809.831 | 2 | 3904.916 | 245.049 | |
Residual | 10182.630 | 639 | 15.935 |
| |
Total | 17992.461 | 641 |
|
| |
Table 8 showed there was a significant joint effect of movie exposure behaviour of students and Nollywood movies’ conveying and praising unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers on wrong HIV information of senior secondary school students in the selected Lagos, Ogun and Osun States secondary schools (F = 245.049, df = 2; 6.39; p < 0.05). That is, movie exposure behaviour of students and Nollywood movies’ conveying and praising unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers has a correlation with the dependent variable on wrong HIV information. The table also shows a coefficient of multiple correlations (R) of 0.434, a multiple R square of 0.432. The results further reveals that 43.4% (Adj. R2 = 0.432) of the total variance in wrong HIV information of in-school adolescents is accounted for by movie exposure behaviour of students and Nollywood movies’ conveying and praising unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers, when taken together. The significance of joint effect was tested at p < 0.05 using the F- ratio at the degree of freedom (df- 2/639). The table also showed the analysis of variance for the regression yielded a F-ratio of 245.049 (significant at 0.05 level). It can therefore, be deduced that there is a significant joint correlation of movie exposure behaviour of students and Nollywood movies’ conveying and praising unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers on wrong HIV information of senior secondary school students in the selected Lagos, Ogun and Osun States secondary schools.
Discussion
In order to determine the movie exposure behaviour of the students, the fourth objective was set. It was found that watching Nollywood has not influenced the in-school adolescents’ behaviour negatively. The results obtained indicates that there were disagreements sharply as against the positive statements depicting Nollywood movies being an exposer of students to negative behaviours. Therefore, these findings indicate that Nollywood movies have not exposed negative behaviour to the majority of the in-school adolescents. Compared to other findings in the literature, these results deviate from Bandura (1977)’s position which posited that most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling, that is from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviours are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. This study established that the observational learning of behaviour in the context of movie exposure of the students does not support watching Nollywood movies as an influencer of bad behaviours among in-school adolescents.
It was the second aim of this study to determine the extent to which Nollywood movies convey and praise unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers. It was found that the in-school adolescents disagree that the Nollywood movies they have watched praises or conveys unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers. This may be as a result of the fact that parents censor what their children watches as reported in the first objective. Thus, the study conclusively summarised that the in-school adolescents’ perception of Nollywood movies being an influencer of unsafe sexual behaviour is negative. This finding therefore, does not support the assertion of Uwom, Chioma and Oluwaseyi (2013) who claimed there was increase in the production frequency of Nollywood movies with sexual contents that influences unsafe sexual behaviour among in-school adolescents. This may be hinged to the censoring activities of the parents as captured in the objective one’s results.
The third objective of this study sought to find out the extent to which Nollywood movies convey wrong information about HIV to viewers. This study found that Nollywood movies have not been a influencer of wrong information about HIV among the in-school adolescents. This is so because the majority of the respondents did not agree with positive statements in the questionnaire. The results show that the respondents (that is the in-school adolescents) were well informed about HIV and Nollywood movies’ watching have not misinformed or distort their HIV knowledge. The findings contravene Nwagwu (2008)’s study which reported that television is the most effective source of information on HIV to adolescent girls in Nigeria. It also does not support the assertion of Odoemelam, Onumadu and Arua (2014) who reported that communication that are movie-based have shown evidence of having impact on health, sexual and social literacy and behaviour. These reports from the authors as found in this study may not include influencing the students freshly about HIV as there are indications that these students may already have got their knowledge elsewhere.
It was found that movie exposure behaviour of students and Nollywood movies’ conveying and praising unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers predicts wrong HIV information among the students. This finding was similar to that of O’Hara, Gibbons, Li, Gerrard, and Sargent (2012) who affirmed that exposure to sexual scenes in movies affects the age of sexual debut. It also supports the findigs of Kinsler, Glik, De Castro Buffington, Malan, Nadjat-Haiem, Wainwright, and Papp-Green (2018) who reported that about 80% of adolescents learn about sex from television. The finding was also comparable to that of Nwagwu (2008) who noted that television is the most effective source of information on HIV to adolescent girls in Nigeria.
Summary and conclusion
This study correlated movie exposure behaviour of students and Nollywood movies’ conveying and praising unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers with wrong HIV information in the selected secondary schools of Lagos, Oyo and Osun States. It was found that the students’ movie exposure behaviour was high, Nollywood movies’ conveying and praising unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers was established, wrong information as a result of watching Nollywood movie was ascertained while their movie exposure behaviour and Nollywood movies’ conveying and praising unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers was found to correlate with wrong HIV information among the students. This translates to the fact that the high level of movie exposure behaviour and Nollywood movies conving and pairisng unsae sexual behaviour does translate to wrong HIV information since found joint correlation of movie exposure behaviour of students and Nollywood movies’ conveying and praising unsafe sexual behaviour to viewers with wrong HIV information. It is therefore concluded that possession of right sexual knowledge through awareness and perception of risky sexual behaviour could translate to overall sexual behaviour of in-school adolescents positively or negatively.
Recommendations
This study recommends thus, based on the findings and conclusion;
1. Parents and guardians therefore are recommended to intensify efforts in censoring and monitoring the movie watching activities of their wards
2. Government agencies should monitor the types of films being released to viewing of minors.
3. Public health workers should leverage on the movie exposure behaviour of students by producing and circulating to schools and homes in order to teach the effects of wrong HIV information.
4. Orientation and sensitisation programmes should be conducted time to time to limiting wrong information perception of pupils concerning HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
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